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Need a refresher on project science kits for middle school students? If you prefer, we also offer resources by program. Because knowledge is power and supporting science educators is a high priority for us, we also provide ongoing professional development opportunities for teachers — such as NSTA workshops, best-practice strategies and even help with district-wide program implementation. Some people find it hard to believe that increased literacy is possible through a course like middle school life science, but our proven programs provide many opportunities for students to grow their language skills.
Lab-Aids exclusively publishes core science curriculum developed by research-based institutions. This results in thoughtful midlevel and high school programs guided by extensive research in science education, rather than a textbook product.
Learn more about our development partners and the evidence of the impact of our programs. Lab-Aids exclusively publishes core curriculum developed by research-based institutions who write their programs from extensive research in science eduction. What are our students doing?
See what it looks like in the classroom. Learn more. Browse Programs. Middle School. High School. By Subject. By State. Questions encouraged Research shows students perform better with hands-on, research-based curricula like ours.
How it works. Remote learning tools Support. Unique equipment - organized See it. Development Partners. Frequently Asked Questions. I have heard great things about Lab-Aids.
Would you tell me a little more about how you got started? Can you tell me more about your research-based program design? I am interested in your programs but need a step-by-step breakdown of how your programs are developed, to show the decision-makers at my public school.
Can you help? Therefore, we develop our programs using research-based methods: Science Education Research — The foundation of our pedagogical approach. Field Testing — We test equipment prototypes and drafts of our programs in U.
S classrooms. Your Mac may even tell you that you need to "Initialize Disk" which would erase your entire disk!
DiskWarrior gets you back up and running fast! Perhaps you've tried to open a document and all that happens is a color wheel that spins and spins and spins… Or your Mac no longer starts up… Or your external hard disk no longer appears… Or your music won't play Or every time you look through your photos, your Mac crashes. These might indicate directory damage or even a pending drive failure. DiskWarrior repairs disks no other utility program can repair.
With a single click, DiskWarrior reads the damaged directory and finds all salvageable files and folders and builds a new error-free, optimized directory for you to use. DiskWarrior repairs those cryptic errors reported by Disk Utility. Messages from your Mac such as "Invalid node structure" and "Keys out of order" may seem mysterious or even scary but DiskWarrior fixes these problems and many, many more. DiskWarrior saves your hard-earned money.
You can try other utilities but you'll probably end up needing DiskWarrior to recover your data. You'll save money buying DiskWarrior first.
You can easily check if your missing documents and items have been recovered. DiskWarrior's patented preview feature lets you see how your disk will appear after it is repaired, but before any changes are made. You can even compare your disk in its damaged state to its repaired state. DiskWarrior verifies your repaired directory to ensure it is error free. DiskWarrior monitors your drive's health. This can allow you to back up your files before your drive fails. DiskWarrior is so advanced it can even recover your data from a failing drive.
In addition, you may have a smartphone, tablet or other device that requires a MicroSD card to extend your memory capacity, and back up your files. You may also own a digital camera. Most digital cameras on the market require a standard size SD card for photo and video storage. Having the MicroSD card with the SD adapter will allow you to use your MicroSD card for two different types of devices, a mobile handheld device such as a smartphone, as well as a digital camera.
First, please make sure your camera supports the SD card you purchased. Another way is to verify that the associated SD logo that appears on the card also appears on the camera see below. Understanding Backwards Compatibility. If the card you purchased is confirmed as compatible, your SD card needs to be formatted in the camera.
Some digital cameras may require you to format the card within the camera for proper operation. See your camera User Guide for instructions on formatting the card within the camera. Alternately, you can use a Windows or Mac computer to format the drive with the SD Formatter v4 software available at the following link. With no moving parts, SSD are inherently less fragile than hard disks, and therefore are also silent unless a cooling fan is used.
As there are no mechanical delays, they benefit with low access times and lower latency. SSD is a data storage device that uses solid-state memory to store persistent data. SSD are available in standard form factors of, 1.
Since they have no moving parts they can withstand extreme shock, vibration, temperature, altitude and harsh environmental conditions while operating without compromising on data integrity. Question: Why SSD? An intelligent algorithm ensures advanced wear-leveling and even usage of the entire flash memory region. Plus, it provides enhanced data integrity due to its 7-bit error correction code ECC and advanced bad block management.
With no moving parts, an SSD is more tolerant of extreme shocks, vibrations and temperatures. Due to its solid state, an SSD uses less power and therefore emits less heat, reducing data center management costs. Reduces ambient noise in data centers and offices.
SSD's weight is significantly less, making systems much more portable and lighter. This opens the way for new classes of ultra-portable laptop and handheld computers, and new applications. The SSD drive comes unformatted.
You will need to partition and format the drive for use on your system so that it can be mounted as a usable storage volume on your system. SSD for use as Primary drive. If you plan to use it as the primary drive for the computer, you may need to obtain a data migration software that is supported on your operating system version, whether that is Windows 7, 8 or 10, or Mac OS X v??.??.
The data migration software will take care of the partitioning and formatting of the drive during the data migration process. SSD for use as Secondary drive. If the drive is being installed as a secondary drive, you will need to use the disk utility provided with your operating system to partition and format the drive for use. Windows - use the Windows Disk Management utility 'diskmgmt.
Click here for instructions from Microsoft. Mac - use the Mac Disk Utility - see links below for instructions. A USB flash drive or other flash storage device such as Secure Digital or CompactFlash that is no longer seen by your computer as an available storage volume may not necessarily be due to faulty product, and in some cases can be corrected.
To correct this…. If so, please either exchange at the store, or respond to this message for warranty claim instructions. Centon does not provide any repair or data recovery services on Centon storage products. We only replace the product if they are not functional and are within the terms of Centon warranty. If the product is completely non-functional, a specialized data recovery company may be able to help.
To locate such a company, query your preferred search engine or your local yellow pages to find a data recovery company that can attempt to recover the data for you. The Centon warranty covers the product itself, but does NOT cover any damages due to data loss, or other financial loss arising out of the use of Centon products.
It is recommended to make regular backups of all your data and pictures. Drive capacity can be confusing due to the different measurement standards that are used. Operating systems typically measure the drive capacity in binary. Hard disk drive, flash drive, SSD, flash card, optical drive and other computer storage manufacturers measure the storage capacity in decimal. In either case, the capacity is measured by the total number of bytes available on the drive.
Decimal vs. Binary: For simplicity and consistency, the above mentioned manufacturers define a megabyte as 1,, bytes and a gigabyte as 1,,, bytes. This is a decimal base 10 measurement and is the industry standard. Mac systems also use these values. These are binary base 2 measurements.
To Determine Decimal Capacity: A decimal capacity is determined by dividing the total number of bytes, by the number of bytes per gigabyte 1,,, using base To Determine Binary Capacity: A binary capacity is determined by dividing the total number of bytes, by the number of bytes per gigabyte 1,,, using base 2.
When the operating system reads the drive capacity, it reports in binary, or approximately 14,,, bytes or Drive Size. Approximate Total Bytes. The actual available capacity of the drive may be less than the above stated "Approximate Binary Capacity". There are a few possible reasons for this. For one, the storage device firmware will occupy a portion of the available NAND flash storage on the device. The firmware is an integral part of any flash based storage device to ensure proper operation in your system.
Some flash storage devices may also implement provisioning. Provisioning can increase the endurance of a flash storage devices by distributing the total number of writes and erases across a larger population of NAND flash blocks and pages over time. Provisioned blocks are not visible to the host as available storage.
We are sorry for the inconvenience. Here is the information you need:. Product Serial: FB Is your computer still booting? If the machine boots with the previous memory it is possible that you will need a BIOS upgrade or to configure your new memory in the BIOS configuration. Is your computer running extremely slow? For example the longer a hard drive is in use and more data written the longer amount of time it takes the computer to find and access files. Applications that sit in memory are also culprits when it comes to computer slow downs.
If the problem persists, perhaps it is time to upgrade the size of your memory. Is your computer reporting the correct amount of memory? If your computer is reporting an incorrect value try swapping your memory module into a different slot on the motherboard.
If the computer still reports the same value then it is possible that the memory module needs to be replaced. Make sure to verify which module is showing the reduced size by either reviewing your BIOS configuration or by temporarily removing the other memory module and doing a process of elimination.
Frequent blue screens of death BSOD? As the memory module degrades this will happen more often until replaced. PCs that had more than enough RAM when they were new often have trouble keeping up with the demands of the latest programs after a few years.
New operating systems almost always call for more memory, too. When a computer runs short of RAM, it's forced to swap the overflow data on and off of the hard drive, which can significantly slow performance. How to Install your new Memory Upgrade. General Tips. Proper Handling of Memory Modules:. This guide will give you step by step instructions on how to install memory into your Laptop.
Maximum Memory that can be registered by your computer is limited by your Motherboard as well as your operating system. For other operating systems you will need to check the support pages for those distributions as the maximum support can vary between the operating systems. First, make certain the computer supports the amount of RAM you have installed. If unsure, please respond with the following information:. How to troubleshoot RAM issues?
Other issues which may influence memory stability:. If further support is needed, please respond with the following information:. Accessing Windows Memory Diagnostics. DDR4 is able to achieve higher speed and efficiency thanks to increased transfer rates and decreased voltage. This significant memory transfer boost will enable hardware developers to produce more powerful processors and more capable devices.
This new memory also uses less power -- 1. This reduced power consumption should lead to better battery life in portable devices such as phones, tablets and laptops. Major technology manufacturers have already started integrating DDR4 chips into their lines of products. Intel also announced that it would use DDR4 technology in an upcoming computing product. Consumers may not celebrate this significant advance in memory technology, but they will appreciate the performance it provides and new features it enables.
Under-the-hood technology is the engine that drives computers, and DDR4 is compact piece of muscle. What are the benefits of DDR4? This new memory chip technology boasts increased transfer speeds that will boost performance of your favorite desktop PC, tablet, and smartphone devices.
Along with its increased speed, DDR4 also is more efficient, using a maximum of 1. DDR4 enables developers to add more powerful processors to their hardware. DDR4 also will enable hardware manufacturers to boost the battery life on their mobile devices. This memory upgrade promises faster, more efficient performance. The latest edition of this dynamic memory continues its tradition, enabling hardware providers to add high-performance computing functions to devices of all shapes and sizes.
Dynamic RAM has also become more efficient over the years. DDR2 operated on 1. DDR3 lowered that to 1. Consumers will notice this change in the form of increased battery life for laptops, tablets and smartphones.
When will DDR4 be available? Consumers can expect DDR4 to slowly make its way into their devices in Q4 Desktop and mobile devices are set to hit store shelves in the next year will be powered by this increased type of memory. Developers also will be able to include functions and features that, until now, technology had been holding back.
Consumers often celebrate voice control, touch capabilities and high-resolution pictures, but dynamic RAM technology enables those advancements.
DDR4 is the foundation for future computing breakthroughs. What is the value of DDR4? DDR4 has more than 20 new features compared to DDR3—multiple power-saving, performance, and reliability features.
Can DDR4 operate at slower speeds? For systems that do not need speed increases above DDR and DDR, DDR4 can support these slower bandwidth requirements with substantially lower power requirements. Operating system maximum RAM limits. Here is a breakdown of Windows operating systems. Windows 8 limits on physical memory:. Windows 7 limits on physical memory:. Windows Vista limits on physical memory:. Question: What is a compact Flash card?
Answer: Compact Flash card is a small, removable mass storage device. First introduced in , Compact Flash cards weigh a half ounce and are the size of a matchbook. CF Type I At 43mm 1. CF Type I is 3. The electrical interfaces are identical. Compact Flash cards are designed with flash technology, a nonvolatile storage solution that does not require a battery to retain data indefinitely.
The Compact Flash card specification version 4. Compact Flash storage products are solid state, meaning they contain no moving parts, and provide users with much greater protection of their data than conventional magnetic disk drives. CF cards consume only five percent of the power required by small disk drives.
Compact Flash cards support both 3. This means that any CF card can operate at either voltage. Other small form factor flash cards may be available to operate at 3. Years of field experience in portable devices have proven the reliability and durability of this connector in applications where frequent insertions and ejections of the card are required. Other small form factor flash cards use connector technology that is not reliable or durable in these applications.
Compact Flash cards provide the lowest cost flash storage solution. With the built-in controller, a wide variety of low cost flash technologies can be used.
The built-in controller lowers costs further by reducing costs in the host device and allowing defective flash chip cells to be mapped out, thus increasing flash chip yields.
Compact Flash provides the lowest cost data storage solution. Question: Where can Compact Flash cards be used? Answer: Several leading consumer electronics companies, including the CFA's roster of founding members, are designing CF technology into next-generation products being developed for mass markets.
The CFA expects CF technology will be widely used in such products as portable and desktop computers, digital cameras, handheld data collection scanners, cellular phones, PCS phones, PDAs, handy terminals, personal communicators, advanced two-way pagers, audio recorders, monitoring devices and set-top boxes. CF technology offers all of these applications new and expanded functionality while enabling smaller and lighter designs.
Question: What operating systems support CF cards? Help Center. Help Center Frequently Asked Questions. Leave the 'Allocation unit size' set to 'Default'. Click 'OK' to begin the format. How does ReadyBoost work? How do I format my flash device To format a USB drive you must be logged on using an account with administrator privileges. The default options should fine. The default filesystem can be modified if desired - just select the filesystem of your choice from the drop-down menu.
Optional: Untick the option for 'Quick Format' to perform a full format format may take considerably longer time to complete. To begin the format, click the 'Start' button, then click 'OK' to confirm that you really want to erase all data; the drive will be formatted. Click on the 'Erase' tab across the top. Choose the desired format. Drives formatted with this file system cannot be read on Windows or other PC's. Click the 'Erase' button and confirm again on the next pop-up window.
Windows reports less memory than installed In most cases, it is likely that you are using a bit operating system. Examples: audio and music files - the quality encoding of the music file Kbps, Kbps, Kbps etc. For example, a MP3 music file encoded at Kbps will be a smaller size than the same song encoded at the higher quality encoding rate of Kbps.
How do I fix a Write Protect error? Advanced version Backup your data. Next, you can do one of the two options shown below: a. It may also be good to restart the system 4. You will see your USB flash drive is shown inside the program window.
Click on "Low-Level Format" in Tab. Once the Low Level Format is complete, you may need to conduct a high level format of the drive. You will only require this if the drive is not able to store files after you have completed the low level format. Windows will prompt you to format the drive. Make sure you are logged into Windows using an administrator account.
Click the start menu and type 'diskmgmt. Click the search result to open diskmgmt. You will be prompted to enter the password for the administrator account for your computer. Look for the disk matching your Centon drive and click on it in the upper pane of the window.
Doing this should highlight the disk in the lower pane. In the New Partition Wizard click Next. For the partition or volume size use the default settings which will create a single partition on the USB drive. Click Next. Assign a drive letter for the USB drive. Make sure to select a drive letter that is not currently being used by another drive. Choose the file system in which you would like to format the USB drive. For drives larger than 32GB i. Click Finish to complete partitioning and formatting the drive.
To minimize data loss and ensure the best results from your Centon Flash storage device, follow these simple recommendations: 1. Open My Computer. Navigate to the location of the files you wish to copy. Click the files or folders you want to copy to the USB disk.
To select more than one file, hold down the CTRL key while you click the files you want. When you have selected the files you wish to copy, you can either: Right-click the selected files, then click Copy. Navigate to the folder where you want the files to be copied to by either: Right-click in file area i. Notes: Do not copy more files to the USB disk than it will hold. Open Finder.
To select more than one file, hold down the CMD key while you click the files you want. How do I recover my data? Recovery Tool The utility in the following link should help to reset the drive back to normal working order. Recovery Tool Note: this tool performs a low level format, which will permanently erase any data stored on the drive. Temporarily disable your Anti-Virus software, as some users have reported that it prevented the Recover Tool from operating properly. Remember to re-enable the Anti-Virus software once this procedure is complete.
Double click the exe file to run the program Plug in the USB flash drive that you want to fix; the drive ID will show under "Control Disk" Shown in the below image as drive letter I: your system may show a different drive letter Click Recover; you will see processing bar under 'Status"; when it is finished, it will show success or fail information.
This is normal. Windows needs to re-create a file system on the storage volume to prepare the drive to store data. Click OK to proceed with format; the default options should be fine. Occasionally, the front USB ports on some new computers are not powered. Most keyboards operate from power supplied by the USB ports to which they are connected; this does not leave enough power for the Flash drive or SpinDrive or MP3 player.
Also, if connecting to an external USB Hub, make sure the hub is powered instead of relying solely on the power provided by the USB port. Problem: Drive letter is not assigned. Cause: Windows needs to refresh itself. Windows 98 only Cause: Driver is not installed. Solution: Install Windows 98 driver. See the Centon Drivers page to download driver. Cause: Conflict with network drive letter. Solution: Click Start on the taskbar, then right-click My Computer on the desktop or from the Start menu, and then click Manage.
Under Computer Management, click Disk Management. In the list of drives in the right pane, right-click the Removable Device and then click Change Drive Letter and Paths. Click Change, and in the drop-down box, specify a drive letter for the Removable Device, choosing one that is not assigned to the mapped network drives.
Click OK, and then click OK again. Click Start, click Run, type compmgmt. In the console tree, click Disk Management. The Disk Management window appears.
Cause: Drive needs reformatting. Solution: Right-click the drive in Explorer and choose Format from the resulting menu. How do I request an RMA? You will get an email back from customer service with your return number and return instructions. Driver Signing warning using pre-installed proprietary USB storage drivers The message regarding " damage my system because it is not a Microsoft product " does not refer to the Centon hardware.
Select Search and then For Files or Folders. Search in All files and folders and also tell it to Look in: the C: drive. Search for the file driver. If the file is found, it will tell you in which folder it is located. Open the Start menu in Windows. Write down in which folder it is located on the CD. Connect the external drive. The Add New Hardware Wizard should appear. Indicate the location of the driver that you just found, and complete the Wizard.
Troubleshoot the device : If you've updated your software and checked the drivers but the issue still persists, try the following things: Unplug the USB device and then plug it back in. Make sure that the connection is snug and installed in the proper direction. Note that USB plugs fit one way only. If you try to plug them in upside-down, it will not insert.
If this does not solve your issue: Unplug all USB devices from the computer. Then start plugging in USB devices one at a time, testing each one to make sure they all work before adding the next. Sometimes two devices will conflict and will work together.
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